{"BLOOD MIMICKING FLUID FOR APPLICATION IN ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGING: THE EFFECT\nOF SURFACTANT ADDITION TOWARDS DENSITY AND VISCOSITYS.J. Chai1,, A.S.\nShuib1, S.W. Phang1, A.S. Muda2,3 and M.I. Ahmad Sabri31School of\nEngineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor\u2019s University,\n47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.2Radiology Department, Hospital\nPengajar University Putra Malaysia, 43400 , Serdang, Selangor,\nMalaysia.3L\u00f6nge Medikal Sdn Bhd, Putra Science Park, 43400 , Serdang,\nSelangor, Malaysia.Corresponding Author\u2019s Email:\nchaishanjet@sd.taylors.edu.myArticle History: Received January 5, 2023": null, "\nRevised January 25, 2023": null, " Accepted January 25, 2023ABSTRACT: Modern 3D\nanatomical modelling and surgical simulation provide surgeons with\ntechnical training to practice realistic pre-surgery rehearsals, adapt\nto patient-specific anatomical structures and prepare for operation\nprocedures with minimal health risks to patients. Blood-mimicking fluid\nis a biomimetic innovation developed for 3D medical simulator\napplications to mimic the non-Newtonian fluid properties of human blood.\nThe ongoing challenge in blood mimicking fluid development is to\nreplicate the shear-thinning behaviour and apparent viscosity of blood\nover a shear rate range of 0-1000 s-1 that occurs in human blood\nvessels. There is a limited investigation about the effect of surfactant\nconcentration towards the density and viscosity of a blood-mimicking\nfluid. Surfactant is added in blood mimic to ensure the mixing of\nmaterials is homogenous. This research investigates the effect of\nsurfactant addition in blood-mimicking fluids comprised of\nwater-glycerol-based fluid, xanthan gum, corn starch and contrast agent.\nThe density and viscosity were analyzed using a rheometer and\ndensitometer, respectively. The increase of surfactant concentration in\nthe blood-mimicking fluid is discovered to have no significant influence\non the blood-mimicking fluid density but increased the overall\nshear-thinning viscosity of the blood-mimicking fluid.KEYWORDS: Blood\nMimicking Fluid": null, " Blood Analogue Fluid": null, " Surfactant": null, " Viscosity": null, "\nDensity.INTRODUCTIONMedical surgical simulation is continuously\nresearched to develop cutting edge, state-of-the-art equipment that are\nexpanding the medical and biomedical engineering sector. Surgical\nsimulator is one such pivotal tool that is being designed to advance the\nrealism of pre-surgery operations as training and rehearsal for surgeons\nof novice or experienced backgrounds to acquire the proper surgical\nskills, self-awareness, and self-confidence, without jeopardizing the\nhealth safety and success rate of live patients in the actual surgery.\nTraditional surgical simulation includes the application of animal\nsubjects, cadavers, and standard human mannequin to provide simplified\nhuman anatomies without presenting specific physiological and\npathological rare conditions, which can result with lack of\nunderstanding and response measure on unique anatomical complications\nduring clinical practice. With present innovation, modern\nthree-dimensional (3D) blood anastomosis modelling and surgical\nsimulation utilizes 3D printing technology capable of manufacturing\nextremely complicated geometries, to accurately reproduce a realistic\nreplica of patient-specific anatomical structures. The 3D anatomical\nreplicas are accessible for surgeons to gain technical proficiency in\nadapting the pathological conditions, applying appropriate operating\ngestures, and planning successful procedures with minimal operative\nrisks [1]. It becomes clear that with these 3D printed anatomical\nreplica simulations gaining preferences of surgeons and popularity in\nthe medical industry, the biomimetic materials applied in the specified\napplication also need developments for accurate and realistic\ncharacteristics that assist surgeons on tactile and visual feedbacks of\nblood and tissue deformation [2]. One such material innovation is the\nblood mimicking fluid or blood analogue fluid as another term, which is\ndeveloped to replicate the physical, chemical, rheological and\nacoustical properties of real human blood for application in surgical\nsimulations. Over the past decades, a number of blood mimicking fluid\nformulations have been proposed in regards of the development of Doppler\nultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography imaging performance,\nwhich non-invasively assess crucial blood parameters while ensuring the\npatient\u2019s health safety and comfort [3]. Correspondingly, the sanitary\nand technical difficulties in handling biological blood by medical\npersonnel during vitro experiment and medical simulation are reduced\nwith the introduction of blood mimicking fluid solution. Generally, a\nblood mimicking fluid formulation comprises of the primary\nwater-glycerol base fluid that mimics a blood plasma, followed by adding\nother constituent materials that are suspended in the base fluid and\nmanipulates the overall properties and characteristics of the blood\nmimicking fluid. The ongoing challenge in developing blood mimicking\nfluid formulations is the degree of similarity that the blood mimicking\nfluid can replicate a human blood, especially the non-Newtonian\nrheological characteristics of blood. According to International\nElectrochemical Commission (IEC) 1685 specifications, the specified\nviscosity to achieve for a blood mimicking fluid must be approximately\n4.0\u00b10.4 mPa.s to resemble the asymptotic of blood that ranges from\n3.5-5.55 mPa.s, while the overall blood mimicking fluid density is\nspecified as 1.050\u00b10.040 kg/m3 which is closely identical the density of\nwater, so that blood mimic component particles of identical density can\nremain buoyantly suspended in the base fluid [4].In terms of fluid flow\nrheology, shear-thinning fluids reflects to the effect of shear stress\ndeformation, as the apparent viscosity of the fluid decreases when\nsubjected to increasing shear rates on a logarithmic scale. The power\nlaw equation computed in Equation 1 describes the relation of the\napparent viscosity relative to shear rate [5]. \u03bc": null}