BLOOD MIMICKING FLUID FOR APPLICATION IN ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGING: THE EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ADDITION TOWARDS DENSITY AND VISCOSITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32896/ajmedtech.v3n1.17-36Keywords:
blood mimicking fluid, blood analogue fluid, shear-thinning, surfactant, viscosity, densityAbstract
Modern 3D anatomical modelling and surgical simulation provide surgeons technical training to practice realistic pre-surgery rehearsals, adopt with patient-specific anatomical structures and prepare for operation procedures with minimal health risks on patients. Blood mimicking fluid is a biomimetic innovation developed for applications in 3D medical simulator, to mimic the non-Newtonian fluid properties of human blood. The ongoing challenge in blood mimicking fluid development is to replicate the shear-thinning behaviour and apparent viscosity of blood over a shear rate range of 0-1000 s-1 that occur in human blood vessels. There are limited investigation about the effect of surfactant concentration towards the density and viscosity of blood mimicking fluid. Surfactant is added in blood mimic to ensure the mixing of materials are homogenous. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of surfactant addition in blood mimicking fluids comprised of water-glycerol based fluid, xanthan gum , corn starch and contrast agent. The density and viscosity were analysed using a rheometer and densitometer, respectively. The increasing of surfactant concentration in blood mimicking fluid is discovered to have no major influence on the blood mimicking fluid density but increased the overall shear thinning viscosity of blood mimicking fluid.
References
S. Maroni, V. Mauri, E. Negrello, L. Pugliese, A. Pietrabissa and F. Auricchio, “Quantitative assessment of 3D printed blood vessels produced with J750™ digital anatomy™ for suture simulation,” 2022, doi: 10.1101/2022.01.09.475308.
A. Pietrabissa, S. Marconi, E. Negrello, V. Mauri, A. Peri, L. Pugliese, E. M. Marone, and F. Auricchio, “An overview on 3D printing for abdominal surgery,” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2019.
T. A. Fuhrmann, A. Schlesinger, M. Schultz, and K-V. Jenderka, “Blood Mimicking Fluid for Reproducing Rheological and Acoustical Blood Properties,” Proceedings of the 46th Annual Ultrasonic Industry Association Symposium, 2017.
M. Z. Matjafri, A. A. Oqlat, N. Suardi, M. A. Oqlat, M. A. Abdelrahman, and A. A. Oqlat, “A review of suspension-scattered particles used in blood-mimicking fluid for Doppler ultrasound imaging,” Journal of Medical Ultrasound, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 68, 2018.
J. M. Jung et al., “Reference intervals for whole blood viscosity using the analytical performance-evaluated scanning capillary tube viscometer,” Clin. Biochem., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 489–493, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.021.
X. Zhou and P. R. Hoskins, “Testing a new surfactant in a widely-used blood mimic for ultrasound flow imaging,” Ultrasound, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 239–244, 2017.
I. Gonçalves, J. Varelas, G. Coutinho, A. Moita, D. Pinho, R. Lima, J. Miranda, E. Veja, J. Montanaro, and A. Moreira, “Dynamic flow behaviour of a blood analogue fluid in microchannels for microcirculation studies,” Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, 2021.
A. A. Oglat, M. Z. Matjafri, N. Suardi, M. A. Oqlat, A. A. Oqlat and M. A. Abdelrahman, “A New Blood Mimicking Fluid using Propylene Glycol and their Properties for a Flow Phantom Test of Medical Doppler Ultrasound ,” International Journal of Chemistry, Pharmacy & Technology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 220–231, 2017.
N. Perrira, A. S. Shuib, S. W. Phang and A. S. Muda, “The Formulation of Blood Mimicking Fluid for Application in Medical Simulator under Angiography Visualisation,” B.S. Thesis, School of Engineering, Taylor’s University, Selangor, 2021.
“Omnipaque (Iohexol Injection): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning.” https://www.rxlist.com/omnipaque-drug.htm (accessed October 18, 2022).
E. Rosenbaum, M. Massoudi, and K. Dayal, “Surfactant stabilized bubbles flowing in a newtonian fluid,” Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 3823–3842, 2019.
N. C. Crawford, L. B. Popp, K. E. Johns, L. M. Caire, B. N. Peterson, and M. W. Liberatore, “Shear thickening of corn starch suspensions: Does concentration matter?,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 396, pp. 83–89, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2013.01.024.
Annu and S. Ahmed, “Advanced green materials: An overview,” Advanced Green Materials, pp. 1–13, 2021.
N. D. Pugh, “Haemodynamic and rheological effects of contrast media: The role of viscosity and osmolality,” European Radiology, vol. 6, no. S2, 1996.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.